Essay about Respect Over Passion in My Antonia by Willa...

Respect Over Passion in My Antonia Throughout the book My Antonia by Willa Cather, there is a twisting and turning of Sexual and Gender issues. There also tends to be a tension surrounding the different classes between the Black Hawk towns people, and what are called, the hired girls or the people from the country. These distinctive qualities in this novel start being shown in the very beginning or the story where Jims best-friend speaks about the life of Jim and the path with whom he chose to travel. We watch the love of Jim grow farther and farther distant due to the inevitable tensions of classes, sexuality, and gender. In the beginning of the story when Antonia and Jim are still becoming acquainted†¦show more content†¦Jim says after seeing Antonia for the first time in eight months, She had come to us as a child, and now she was a tall, strong girl...She wore the boots her father had so thoughtfully taken off before her shot himself, and his old fur cap.(pg.79) This is what Jim said she looked like. He really accentuates that Antonia was wearing her fathers clothes, masculine of course. Jim says, She kept her sleeves rolled up all day, and her arms a throat were burned as brown as a sailors. Her neck came up strongly out of her shoulders, like the bole of a tree out of the turf. One sees that draught horse neck among the peasant women in all the old countries.(pg.79) The reader begins to see the changes in Antonia as well when she speaks. She starts to talk of things that only men in those days were known to do. For example she says to Jim, Jim, you ask Jake how much he plough ed to-day. I dont want that Jake get more done in one day than me. I want we have very much corn this fall.(pg.79) Jim says that, Tony could talk of nothing but the prices of things, or how much she could lift and endure. She was too proud of her strength.(pg.81) We see the changing of places between Antonia and Jim once again. We see Jim going to school and Antonia staying and doing farm work. This scene represents aShow MoreRelatedNaturalism and Regionalism Defining through American Literature1470 Words   |  6 Pagescharacteristics of a specific region. Bret Harte and Willa Cather are regionalist authors who use the setting to put emphasis in their stories. Furthermore, Mark Twain is a naturalist writer. Twain attempts to use lower class citizens to get across a bigger point. Harte also uses minorities. However, he focuses on how the region changes these poorer citizens. Lastly, Willa Cather and Mark Twain both have their characters in pursuit of something. Cather h as her characters pursue intangible objects whileRead MoreWilla Cather s My Antonia1932 Words   |  8 Pages In her novel My Antonia, Willa Cather, while writing in a sexist time, calls attention to the power of the female in life and society through Antonia, Lena Lingard, Tiny Soderball and Frances Harling and accentuates and celebrates the significance of the matriarchal world by use of Jim Burden as the narrator. Jim holds an enlightened consciousness of the female because, after spending most of his life with these women, he sees how they started with nothing ended with a successful life. In a time

Vonnegut An Outlook On Fate - 1477 Words

Christopher Friedrichs Mr. Carroll English IV AP 10/26/15 Vonnegut: An Outlook on Fate In Kurt Vonnegut’s classic fiction novel, Slaughterhouse Five, we experience the horrors of war through the eyes of fictional character Billy Pilgrim, and their effect on him. Pilgrim, who was a POW in Dresden during the firebombing, is obviously impacted by the war, like many others who experience combat. By channelling his own experiences into Billy Pilgrim, Vonnegut explores his belief in the inevitability of our fate, and the effects of war on the human psyche. Vonnegut blends his own life story with historical fact to create a believable and accessible tale that helps validate his experiences as well as comment on the pointless atrocities man commits against his fellow beings. It is quite obvious that Vonnegut intended to model characters in his novel after real life people, and the events, at least initially, after ones that actually took place. The first narrative voice we hear from in the opening pages of Slaughterhouse Five is a clear indicator of this. Billy begins his tale with, â€Å"All this happened, more or less. The war parts, anyway, are pretty much true...I ve changed all the names.† (Vonnegut 5). Although it is obviously Billy speaking, Vonnegut is at the same time introducing the events that follow as his experiences, and gives our first hint that Billy’s character is based on himself. If we dig deeper into some of the references he makes, we find that not only doShow MoreRelatedWar Destruction on Combatents in Kurt Vonnegut ´s Slaughterhouse- Five1776 Words   |  7 Pagesforced to fight overseas despite the rough conditions he will face. Billy joins his regiment as â€Å"it [is] in the process of being destroyed by Germans† (Vonnegut 40), and Vonnegut’s description of Billy accentuates his lack of preparation. He is given very little combat training, ill-fitting clothes, and is not even supplied with a firearm (Vonnegut 41). From the beginning, Billy is isolated from the other troops in a way because he is not as well prepared as the others. During a scouting mission afterRead MoreWhat is The Meaning of Free Will in Life Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pages Free will is the idea in which individuals can have the power of acting without the constraint of necessity or fate, and this idea of free will served as a prevalent theme in Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five. Vonnegut illustrates the absurdity of no free will in Pilgrim’s world through the book’s nonlinear structure and unorganized plot. The novel is constructed as a series of inconsistent flashbacks and future incidents through the eyes of the protagonist, Billy Pilgrim. 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Pilgrim’s acceptance towards life relieves him of the weight of the world; however, even Pilgrim is unable to remain indifferent about war. Billy Pilgrim encounter with the Tralfamadorians granted him an extraterrestrial way of thinking. Billy Pilgrim’s profession as anRead More Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five and Breakfast of Champions3313 Words   |  14 Pagesrampages? Perhaps Kurt Vonnegut did. Could it be possible that a writer known more for his pictures of assholes than his knowledge of advanced physics actually centered some of the deepest concepts in his works on the philosophical implications of general relativity and quantum mechanics? Two of his greatest novels, Slaughterhouse-Five and Breakfast of Champions, both seem to hint at the relationship between modern physics and an idea philosophers call determinism. Vonnegut readers might well scratchRead MoreCritical Book Review of Slaughterhouse Five2406 Words   |  10 PagesSlaughterhouse Five, Kurt Vonnegut explains his experience of the World War II bombing of Dresden, Germany. Vonneguts creative antiwar novel shows the audience the hardships of the life of a soldier through his writing technique. Slaughterhouse Five is written circularl y, and time travel is ironically the only consistency throughout the book. Vonnegut outlines the life of Billy Pilgrim, whose life and experiences are uncannily similar to those of Vonnegut. In Chapter 1, Kurt Vonnegut non-fictionally describes

Role Of The HRM In Enhancing The Organizational Effectiveness

Question: Discuss about the Role Of The HRM In Enhancing The Organizational Effectiveness And Efficiency. Answer: Introduction For the contemporary business organizations, operating in the present business scenario is much more challenging than it was been a few years ago. This is due to the reason that, for the contemporary business organizations, various factors are there to be considered in order to maintain their organizational effectiveness and to stay ahead in the competition. One of the key factors to be considered by the contemporary business organizations is the effective management of their human resources (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). This is due to the fact that, in the present business state of affairs, the individual skill sets being possessed by the employees in the organization are one key sources for the business organizations to gain competitive advantages in the market. Thus, it is important for the business organizations to effectively manage their internal stakeholders in order to gain the maximum productivity from them. Human resource management plays an important role in managing the empl oyees effectively (Beardwell Thompson, 2014). This essay will discuss about the role of human resource management in enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of the organizations. Various aspects of HRM Human resource management covers or involves various factors or aspects to enhance the effectiveness of the organization as well as its employees (Shahid Azhar, 2013). The key aspects are the staffing, employee compensation and perquisites, providing training to the employees, workplace health and safety and internal relations between the employees and the upper level management. Thus, human resource management covers a holistic approach for the business organizations. It helps the organization in selecting right employees and providing him effective training and enhancing their skills and maintaining of effective workplace environment to enhance the rate of job satisfaction of the employees through their work life. The following sections will elaborate and critically discuss about the various aspects of human resource management. Staffing Staffing includes the selection of right employees for the right job at the right time and place. Recruitment and selection is one of the key aspects of human resource management due to the reason that, the competitive advantages along with the effectiveness of the organizations will get enhanced only when the employees having right set of skill are being employed for the right job profile (Shields et al., 2015). Moreover, the process of recruitment and selection should be effective in order to employ the new employees in the organization according to the need and requirement of the organization. According to Chaneta (2014), initiation of effective process of recruitment and selection will help the organization in having the rightly skilled employees in every job positions, which will in turn equip the organization to face any business challenge. Moreover, according to the author, initiation of effective process of recruitment and selection will help the organization to reduce the issues being generated from the newly appointed employees. This will get reduced due to the fact that, the employees with the help of the effective process of recruitment and selection will be employed after effectively matching with the requirement and organizational aspects. Thus, according to the author, the probability of arising of issues from the newly appointed employees will be lowered. Employee compensation and perquisites On the other hand, providing employee compensation and perquisites helps the organization to motivate the employees in their workplace. According to Bryant and Allen (2013), providing suitable compensation and benefits to the employees will help the organization to retain the top performing employees in the organization along with attracting new potential talents. Moreover, according to the authors, providing the suitable compensation to the employees will help to enhance the level of motivation and involvement of the employees in their workplace. Thus, providence of suitable compensation and benefits to the employees will have positive impression among the employees along with enhancing their organizational commitment. Thus, with the creation of positive impression among the employees regarding the welfare benefits being initiated by the organization, the employees will be more motivated in their workplace. It will help the organization to gain more productivity from them. Moreover, it is also be discussed by the authors that, increase in the job satisfaction of the employees will reduce the chance of employee issues in the organization (Lazaroiu, 2015). This is due to the reason that, enhancement in the level of job satisfaction among the employees will reduce the chance of any grievance among the employees. Workplace health and safety Another key aspect of human resource management is maintaining the workplace health and safety. The more effective will be the working environment for the employees in the organization, the more will be their level of motivation and satisfaction of the employees. According to Murrell (2012), maintaining the effective working environment in the organization will enable the employees to have the higher degree of job satisfaction and motivation to accomplish better job goals. Thus, according to the author, maintaining the effective working environment will help to increase the productivity of the employees along with having the higher retention rate. Moreover, according to the author, workplace health and safety involves creating of effective working environment and providing various health and safety benefits to the employees in case of any unwarranted incidents (Friend Kohn, 2014). Thus, if the employees are being offered health and hygiene working environment, then they will also feel motivated to enhance their productivity and effectiveness in their workplace. Initiation of training and skill development program Another important aspect of human resource management is the providence of training and skill development programs for the employees. Providing effective and suitable training to the employees will help the organization to enhance the skills of the employees according to the change in the business scenario. Thus, the employees will be more equipped and trained to face the organizational challenges. As stated by Sung and Choi (2014), there are various benefits of providing employee training and development due to the reason that, the overall effectiveness of the employees will get enhanced. According to the authors, the more effective will be the training facilities for the employees, the more will be their ability to face the organizational challenges. Moreover, they have also stated that initiation of employee training and skill development will help the employees to diversify their skill sets. Thus, this will further help the organization to have the access of the diverse skill sets being possessed by their employees. This will also help them in gaining competitive advantages in the market. The rate of motivation of the employees will also get increased with the help of skill development and training programs due to the reason that the employees will have more expertise and knowledge to counter issues, which will be generated in their job profiles (Ji et al., 2012). However, it is being also stated by the authors that in initiation of the training programs of the employees, organizations will have to incur cost. But effective implementation and designing the training programs will help to gain positive outcome from the incurred cost. Effective internal relations The last aspect of human resource management is maintaining the effective and positive relationship between the upper level management and the employees. This is due to the reason that, the more effective will be the relationship between the upper and middle level hierarchy levels, the more will be the effectiveness of the organizational procedures. According to the opinion being given by Awadh and Alyahya (2013), human resource management helps the organizations to enhance the effectiveness of their internal culture in order to maintain a positive relationship between the internal stakeholders. According to the authors, the more effective will be the relationship between the internal stakeholders, the more will be the organizational effectiveness. This is due to the reason that, according to the authors, due to the presence of effective relationship among the internal stakeholders, the employees will be more motivated to share their grievances and feedback to their superiors and the communication of the upper level managers will also be effectively reach to the employees. Thus, the employees will also be more aware about the organizational requirement and vision. Conclusion Thus, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that, human resources management is one of the key concept that should be considered by the contemporary business organizations in order to enhance their internal effectiveness. Various aspects of human resource management are being discussed in this essay. It is being seen in the discussion that, human resource management covers vast and diverse organizational areas, which helps the organizations in having a holistic approach in enhancing the organizational effectiveness. Critical analysis is being done in this essay to evaluate the effectiveness of various aspects of the human resource management. From the critical evaluation, it can be concluded that, all the aspects of the human resource management are interrelated and are complementary to one another. Effective implementation of all the aspects of human resource management will help the organization to enhance their effectiveness of the internal stakeholders along with gaining competitive advantages in the market. Reference Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Awadh, A. M., Alyahya, M. S. (2013). Impact of organizational culture on employee performance.International Review of Management and Business Research,2(1), 168. Beardwell, J., Thompson, A. (2014).Human resource management: a contemporary approach. Pearson Education. Bryant, P. C., Allen, D. G. (2013). Compensation, benefits and employee turnover: HR strategies for retaining top talent.Compensation Benefits Review,45(3), 171-175. Chaneta, I. (2014). Recruitment and Selection.International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering,4(2), 289. Friend, M. A., Kohn, J. P. (2014).Fundamentals of occupational safety and health. Bernan Press. Ji, L., Huang, J., Liu, Z., Zhu, H., Cai, Z. (2012). The effects of employee training on the relationship between environmental attitude and firms' performance in sustainable development.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,23(14), 2995-3008. Lazaroiu, G. (2015). Employee Motivation and Job Performance.Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations,14, 97. Murrell, K. (2012).Ergonomics: Man in his working environment. Springer Science Business Media. Shahid, A., Azhar, S. M. (2013). Gaining employee commitment: Linking to organizational effectiveness.Journal of Management Research,5(1), 250. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., ... Plimmer, G. (2015).Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Sung, S. Y., Choi, J. N. (2014). Do organizations spend wisely on employees? Effects of training and development investments on learning and innovation in organizations.Journal of organizational behavior,35(3), 393-412.

Shakespeare’s Influence on English Literature Essay Example

Shakespeare’s Influence on English Literature Paper Shakespeare’s influence on English literature has been unsurpassed. His influence did not confine itself to the intricate detailing of his stories alone, but extended to all aspects of storytelling, namely mellifluous prose, evolved characterization and varied settings.  All of these contributed in making his stories memorable and through primarily these three elements together with the sheer variety and breadth of his storylines, he continues to exercise a dominant influence on English literature and captivate and enthrall. Beyond anything, his life is an example of complete dedication to his craft. His life is marked by a focused devotion to English literature and language through his Tragedies, Comedies and Histories, cumulatively known as the First Folio, Second, Third and Fourth Folios. Whatever is known of Shakespeare is drawn primarily from two sources, his literary texts and remnants of church and legal records from which one can trace the significant aspects of his life, though much of it is conjecture. Shakespeare’s mother, Mary, was the daughter of Robert Arden of Stratford. John, his father, was a leather merchant whose life witnessed tumultuous financial highs and lows. There is a probability that Shakespeare attended grammar school during his early years, though his parents were in all probability illiterate. At the age of eighteen, he married Anne Hathaway, who was eight years older than him. We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeare’s Influence on English Literature specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeare’s Influence on English Literature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeare’s Influence on English Literature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Till 1592, no other record alludes to his life. In 1592, Robert Greene referred to Shakespeare when he wrote in Greene’s Groatsworth of Wit bought with a Million of Repentance about â€Å"an upstart crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tiger’s heart wrapped in a player’s hide, supposes he is as well as able to bombast out a blank verse as the best of you; and being an absolute Johan-nes fac totum, is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in a country† (Alexander, xvi). This remark only serves to reiterate that Shakespeare had gained significant recognition through his plays by 1592 and inspired sufficient rivalry in literary circles though Greene’s is the only known enmity. Even this remark is a travesty of Shakespeare’s own lines from Henry VI, Part Three; â€Å"O tiger’s heart wrapped in a woman’s hide† Johannes fac totum referred to here means the jack of all trades. This observation was partly correct, for Shakespeare was multifaceted. Apart from being a writer, and starring in his own plays, he was also associated with a theatrical group comprising of Richard Burbage, a noted stage performer and they were known after their patron as Lord Chamberlain’s Men and after King James succeeded Queen Elizabeth, they were known as â€Å"the King’s Men†. It was to this company that Shakespeare directed his unswerving attention by composing all his plays solely for their enactment. In 1593-94, Shakespeare, to much critical acclaim, published his poems, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucerne. Shakespeare was diffident about the publication of his plays and took no interest in their printing, being interested only in their faithful and dramatical reproduction. This is responsible for the problems in establishing the accuracy of his texts and in dating them. Shakespeare’s first tragedy was Titus Adronicus, (C. 1592-94) in which Ovid’s influence was profound though it did not gain much prominence because of its implicit violence. It has, of late, been revived. During this period, he wrote Henry VI (c. 1588) and Richard III (c. 1593), Henry V (c. 1599). Richard II and Henry IV, Parts 1 and 2 were also composed during this time. According to the Lexicon, the principal Comedies written during this time were Love’s Labour Lost, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It and Twelfth Night. He devoted himself principally to Tragedy after 1599. These include- Julius Caeser, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra and Coriolanus. There were some plays that were difficult to categorize such as Troilus and Cressida, All’s Well That Ends Well and Measure for Measure. The end of his writing career was marked by four plays- Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale, The Tempest and Pericles. Shakespeare’s supremacy was not confined to English literature alone but extended to the English language as well. The strength of Shakespeare’s influence can be ascribed to his riveting and compelling storylines, his evolved characterization and the mellifluous language. Through his plays, he for the first time in English literature created believable, expressive characters. He delved into the psyche of his protagonists and imbued them with life. What perhaps makes these characters lasting and unforgettable is that they are neither wholly evil nor wholly good, but real. Hamlet fascinates readers with his complexity. Emotional and daring, lackadaisical about revenge and shades of insanity are traits that render him complex. Othello, initially portrayed as courageous and proud, reveals that he is in fact flawed, like all of Shakespeare’s characters, when his implicit trust in Iago betrays him to act upon his jealousy and kill Desdemona. Shylock in The Merchant Of Venice sins as much as he is sinned against, as much a hero as a villain. It has been argued that Shakespeare’s characters stoop to melodrama, but one has to remember that he was, above all a consummate dramatist. It has been said that a compulsive and insightful reading of all of his plays serves to make one a better judge of human character, its motivations, conflicts, passions and fallacies. (â€Å"Bartleby†). His thoroughness in the execution of his characters served to inspire generations of writers. In fact, Herman Melville’s main antagonist in Moby Dick, Captain Ahab, is believed to be a classic Shakespearean character, whose downfall and doom are brought about by his own weakness. According to Wikipedia, Shakespeare’s resonant prose also reverberates through time, through the writing of Charles Dickens, on whom Shakespeare’s influence was profound, and William Faulkner. He also helped develop the English language. English, before the times of Shakespeare was impulsive and unstructured. Shakespeare enhanced the beauty of the language by adding to its vocabulary and gave it depth by the beauty of his prose. Many of the phrases that his characters used have become common parlance. He freed the English language. Successive generations have interpreted and reinterpreted Shakespeare’s plays and will continue to do so for posterity. The vividness of his imagination helped unify the thought and action of his characters and gave them force and passion, so much so that these characters inspire hatred and love, but never indifference. In Othello, for instance, it is the language which defines the play. Othello’s prose is mellifluous in the true sense of the term, so much so that a critic on remarking about the language of Othello has called it â€Å"Othello’s music†. (â€Å"Geocities†). However, the language of Othello gradually breaks down, as consumed by jealousy his character slowly disintegrates. In the Act I, Scene III, Othello states â€Å"And little of this great world can I speak/ More than pertains to feats of broil and battle† (Shakespeare, 1118). The Duke also expresses his opinion that Othello would also win his daughter’s heart. Othello also says â€Å"Yet I’ll not shed her blood/nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow† (Shakespeare, 1149), As his character becomes darker, his language crumbles, he stoops to words to communicate instead of sentences, â€Å"Killing myself, to die upon a kiss† (Shakespeare, 1153). This was one of the first plays in which the language evocatively moves in tandem with the plot. Another way in which Othello was revolutionary was that the main protagonist was one of the first or colored black heroes in the history of English literature. Inspite of his race and also despite the fact that he was a foreigner in conventional Venice; he rises to a position of influence and marries a white woman, a circumstance unthought-of during Elizabethan times. Othello also has to overcome considerable racial discrimination. Shakespeare imbues Othello with all heroic and noble characteristics, save for one tragic flaw, jealousy. With this Othello’s fate was sealed. He became the embodiment of the ‘perfect tragic hero’ in English literature. Also unique among Shakespearean tragedies, Othello was mostly a tragedy of character, while all the other Shakespearean tragedies were set amongst political backdrops, Othello was propelled and instigated by his self doubt, jealousy and by the diabolical wickedness in the character of Iago. The language, the setting, the characterization and the taut plot makes Othello the most heartrending and memorable of Shakespeare’s tragedies. This power to captivate and enthrall readers through delving into Othello’s psyche helped redefine psychological realism. With only three principal characters, Othello, Desdemona and Iago, it is also one of Shakespeare’s most centered plays in which the action concentrates around these three characters. Again, for Romeo and Juliet, the primary element of the play that resonates through time is the language. Romeo says â€Å"Love is a smoke rais’d with the fume of sighs† (Shakespeare, 904). This is more poetry than prose. The characters, besides using poetry in speech, also use metaphors, oxymorons, allegories and paradoxes. Shakepeare also uses sonnets in the scenes between Romeo and Juliet to express their depth of love to each other. In these scenes, the language imbues their emotions with a rich texture. There are also a lot of action words used. It is this poetry of language that was to have a tremendous influence on the romantic poetry of Keats and also of Coleridge. Thomas Carlyle has this to say about Shakespeare’s influence on literature This King Shakespeare does he not shine, in crowned sovereignty, over us all, as the noblest, gentlest, yet strongest of rallying-signs; indestructible; really more valuable in that point of view than any other means or appliance whatsoever? We can fancy him as radiant aloft over all Nations of Englishmen, thousand years hence. From Paramatta, from New York, wheresoever, under what sort of Parish-Constable soever, English men and women are, they will say to one another, ‘Yes, this Shakespeare is ours; we produced him, we speak and think by him; we are of one blood and kind with him. (Bernard Levin. From The Story of English. Robert McCrum, William Cran and Robert MacNeil. Viking: 1986)† (â€Å"Shakespeare Online†). Thus, Shakespeare’s impact on literature is lasting. The range of his genius defies imagination. It will continue to stir future generations till eternity.

Acct. Term Paper

Acct. Term Paper Acct. Term Paper Kelly Okamura U57912123 SM 323 (A4) Core Pre-Assignment Part I Health Consciousness We live in an entirely progressive generation where we are bombarded by a plethora of newly emerging social trends. In fact, it seems that as soon as we are made aware of what is currently â€Å"trending,† a new social trend is discovered. However, what has seemed to steadfastly hold as trends are the fitness and health related ones. A few years ago, Atkins and the South Beach Diet were the most promising diet regimens. Now, we hear the terms â€Å"paleo† and â€Å"raw vegan† being thrown around daily. While these diet regimens have certainly made some headway towards more restrictive and extreme measures, the underlying purpose remains unchanged; that is, Americans who follow these dietary trends do so as a means of weight loss or maintaining a healthy body weight. As of this year, as many as two-thirds of Americans are categorized as overweight, whereby a third are considerably obese. We, as Americans, are becoming increasingly aware of the dangers of ma intaining unhealthy body weights, thereby offsetting a surge of diet regimens, workout routines, and the like; each â€Å"scientifically proven† to restore your health and bring you back to a healthy weight level. For anyone who has gone forth with one of these health trends, they can attest to the fact that it is not, in fact, an easy feat. Had it been so, we would not be faced with this sort of epidemic of American obesity. That being said, weight loss is not something that simply happens at the snap of the fingers or on a whim: more so if our genetics are not wired in such a way. Bearing this in mind, I believe it is safe to conclude that the social trend of health consciousness and diet will remain intact for years to come. Something that many Americans consistently struggle with is the ability to exercise self-control, specifically when it comes to food. We’ve all been there: lurking in front of the snack cabinet, making compromises with ourselves and promis ing that we’ll stop after one cookie. Yet in most cases, stopping after just one morsel is simply wishful thinking. The product that I have thought up for the market for the health conscious is called the Moral Support. In essence, it is a contraption that helps to promote a healthier lifestyle by exercising self-control and portion control for those who need the assistance of an external factor. The Moral Support is a programmable food dispenser, whereby users would put their favorite junk foods in and set a time and day whence the Moral Support will dispense a single serving of the food item. Upon dispensing the snack, the container will lock itself so as to prevent binge eating. It would also have an air tight seal on the lid, which would help keep the food items from being exposed to excessive moisture and becoming stale. Grooming/Hygiene Many of us start our days off by washing our faces as a means to wake up. For those of us who do so, we have all experienced the inevitable annoyance that comes from washing our faces: the trickle of water that streams down our elbows, wetting our shirtsleeves and our countertops. However small this annoyance may be, it is still an undesirable experience the first thing in the morning. It doesn’t make sense, though, to do away with proper hygiene because of this. A product that may appeal to those who run into this problem is some sort of wristband or wrist attachment that catches water right at the bottom of the palm. The market for this is promising, as nearly everyone undertakes this simple act of good hygiene, and this product may also be used for dishwashing. Part II Williams Sonoma Location: 100 Huntington Ave, #9C Boston, MA 02116 Phone: (617) 262-3080 Clerk: Rachel Date: 08/01/2013 Many of the clerks at Williams Sonoma were stuck in the same conundrum, after I had approached them with this pre-assignment: most clerks were used to being asked very

Hephaestus, the Greek God of Fire and Volcanoes

Hephaestus, the Greek God of Fire and Volcanoes Hephaestus is the name of the Greek god of volcanoes and a craftsman and blacksmith associated with metalworking and stone masonry. Of all the gods on Olympus, he is arguably the most human, having suffered abuse by the other gods, who by contrast are aloof, perfect, and remote from the frailties of men. Hephaestus is also connected to humanity by his chosen profession, sculptor, and blacksmith. Yet he is one of the children of the marriage of the powerful gods Zeus and Hera, also the most quarrelsome couple in the Olympian heaven. Some of the legends around Hephaestus suggest he was parthenogenic, the son of only Hera unaided by Zeus, an event caused by Hera in anger after Zeus produced Athena without the benefit of a female partner. Hephaestus is the god of fire, and the Roman version of Hephaestus is represented as Vulcan. Hephaestus Two Falls Hephaestus suffered two falls from Mount Olympus, both humiliating and painful- gods arent supposed to feel pain. The first was when Zeus and Hera were in the midst of one of their endless quarrels. Hephaestus took his mothers part, and in anger, Zeus threw Hephaestus off Mount Olympus. The fall took an entire day and when it ended in Lemnos, Hephaestus was nearly dead, his face and body permanently deformed. There he was tended by Lemnos human inhabitants; and when he finally as a wine steward to the Olympians, he was a figure of ridicule, particularly in comparison to the legendarily handsome wine steward Ganymede. The second fall from Olympus occurred when Hephaestus was still scarred by the first fall, and perhaps more humiliating, this one was caused by his mother. The legends say that Hera could not bear the sight of him and his deformed legs, and she wanted this reminder of a failed quarrel with Zeus to disappear, so she threw him off Mount Olympus once more. He stayed with the Neriads on earth for nine years, tended by Thetis and Eurynome. One myth reports that he only returned to Olympus by crafting a beautiful throne for his mother with a secret mechanism trapping her in it. Only Hephaestos could release her, but he refused to do so until he is made drunk enough to return to Olympus and set her free. Hephaestus and Thetis Hephaestus and Thetis Hephaestus is often associated with Thetis, another deity with human traits. Thetis was the mother of the doomed warrior Achilles, and she went to extraordinary lengths in numerous efforts to protect him from his foretold fate. Thetis tended Hephaestus after his first fall and later asked him to forge new weapons for her son. Thetis, the divine parent, begs Hephastus to craft a beuatiful shield for her son Achilles, a shield predestined to bring its bearer death. It was the last futile effort of Thetis; soon Achilles died. Hephaestus is said to have lusted after Athena, another crafts person; and in some versions of Mount Olympus, he was the husband of Aphrodite. Sources ​ Rinon Y. 2006. Tragic Hephaestus: The Humanized God in the Iliad and the Odyssey. Phoenix 60(1/2):1-20.

Steve jobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Steve jobs - Essay Example Joanne’s father did not approve the marriage and Steve as placed on adoption. Paul and Clara Jobs adopted young Steve and family lived in Silicon Valley, California. His elementary teachers recognized Steve as a bright and intelligent student and agreed he skip a class. During his high school years, the parents relocated to Cupertino. Steve could his father who was a machinist that tinkered used cars and later sold them. Steve together with his high school friend Wozniac liked to tinker electric circuits. After high school, his parents enrolled him in University of California, Berkeley while he insisted on joining Reed College. His experiences in that college led him to quit after being in that college for six months. As he comments while addressing grandaunts at Stanford University in 2005 he did not see the point of going through college and spending his entire money from his parents. At the Reeds College was a competent college in that it offered the best calligraphy in India. He took calligraphy classes where he learned different typefaces and combinations that enabled him years later to design the first Macintosh computer. After college, he briefly worked at Atari Computer Company. He left for India then back to California. His trip back to America made him experience culture shock. He quipped that Indian people depend on intuition while Americans use their intellect. According to Jobs intuition is powerful than intellect. Zen working relationship with Jobs influenced him faith in simplicity. Jobs collaborated with Wozniack and in 1976; the two classmates founded Apple Computer in Jobs parents’ garage. After the release of Apple II, the firm went public in 1980. Four years later the company launched Macintosh. As the firm grew Jobs vision of the future contradicted with the then CEO John Sculley. That led him to be eliminated from heading the Macintosh team. Jobs resigned from Apple Computer in September 1985. His elimination from Apple led him to

Sexual Harassment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sexual Harassment - Research Paper Example A program to training managers on sexual harassment should undoubtedly take into consideration a wide a number of issues key among them being (i) What is considered sexual harassment (ii) Reasons for concern (iii) Workplace gender based antidiscrimination laws. Managers just like any other employee often find themselves involved in sexual harassment cases in different ways, which may include being a witness of the act, victim of the act or as a perpetrator. Lack of adequate knowledge about what constitute a sexual harassment especially verbal, non-verbal and physical conducts may prevent them from taking appropriate action against the unlawful act. Thus, the need to educate manger on what acts constitute sexual harassment, workplace gender based antidiscrimination laws and most importantly reasons for concern. Other areas that should be of great focus in a training program for managers about sexual harassment include (iv) Types of sexual harassment (v) Consensual relationships (vi) How to tell if a conduct is inappropriate (vii) Retaliation and Sexual Harassment (viii) Documenting employee actions. It is vital that the training outline contain subjects that touch on types of sexual harassment, consensual relationships at workplace and retaliation in case of alleged discrimination. For instance, there are two notable types of sexual harassments, which include Quid pro quo and Hostile environment. A fellow employee or supervisor may ask an employee for sexual favour in exchange for promotion, reward or wage increase, which may constitute Quid pro quo type of harassment (Orlov & Michael, 49). The training manual also need to take into consideration issues that pertain to (ix) Liability for supervisor misconduct (x) Setting the right tone (xi) Responding to subordinate complaints (xii) Assist ing with the investigation (xiii) Preventing

Investigation of the carbonate - bicarbonate system Essay Example for Free

Investigation of the carbonate bicarbonate system Essay Alkalinity in this experiment can be defined as the measure of the pH buffering capacity in water (e. g. river water, sea water, lakes etc. ). This experiment was carried out using a prepared carbonate bicarbonate solution against hydrochloric acid (0. 1M HCl). Titration and pH indicator method was used to determine the equivalence point. The experiment also compares the titration and pH indicator method that is, looking at the option that will give a better approach in determining the equivalence point. Compared the digital and analogue pH meters that were used during the experiment by different groups. The experiment also aims at showing the importance of carbonate bicarbonate system in environmental chemistry as it affects the natural water system. INTRODUCTION In Nigeria, water pollution is a serious environmental issue as it relates to the oil industries in the Niger Delta region, this can be attributed but not limited to the continuous flaring of fossil fuel. This creates acid rain deposition thus reducing the buffering capacity of rivers and lakes. The major source of living and earning in this area is fishing, but the continuous flaring of gas has resulted in acid precipitation, which has affected fishing. When there is acid deposition, the pH of the water increases thereby making the water partially acidic, the drop in pH can harm and even kill some of the organisms inhabiting the water (Tope Akintola Jan 2004). The Nigerian government set up the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), which issued, in 1988, a specific decree to protect, to restore and preserve the ecosystem. The decree also sets out water quality standards to protect public health and to enhance the quality of water (Enderlein et al). Although, the Federal Environmental Protection Agency did not have specific guidelines, the agency adopted the guideline for alkalinity by World Health Organisation in 1971. Parameter Permissible standard Issued by Alkalinity (mg/l) 200 600 WHO, 1971; FEPA, 1991 Alkalinity can be defined as that level that provides stable pH in rivers and lakes or simply put as withstanding a fall in pH. Stability is achieved through the neutralization of acids in an aqueous system. It should be noted that alkalinity in this experiment deals strictly with the acid base neutralization, whereas, pH is the concentration of the solution. When stability is achieved, alkalinity is said to buffer the solution. Buffering of an aqueous system is the equilibrium between the acid and base reaction, this is done when the hydrogen [H+] ion is either used up or donated so that the pH of the solution remains normal, that is, remains as the original pH of the system. In rivers, lakes and ocean, buffering involves the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate (HCO3-), carbonate (CO3-2) and hydrogen [H+]. The reaction involved is thus; CO2 (aq) + H2O H2CO3 (aq) 1 H2CO3- (aq) H+ (aq) + HCO3-(aq) . 2 HCO3-(aq) H+ (aq) + CO3-2(aq).. 3 Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere dissolves into the solution and also achieves equilibrium as shown below; CO2 (g) CO2 (aq) 4 The carbonic acid formed (H2CO3 (aq) ) from equation (1) is neutralized by the addition of base to for equation (2). Continued addition of base (alkalinity) further removes the proton (H+) present to form the carbonate in equation (3). Buffering is achieved at this point, and equivalence points are noted as shown in the figures below (figures 1 2). Further addition of base now drives the equation back and carbon dioxide (CO2 (g)) is given off. Figure (1) points E and F indicate where the gas is given off. The experiment was carried out using the titration and pH indicator method to determine the equivalence points of equations (2) and (3), phenolphthalein and methyl orange were used as indicators. Phenolphthalein was added to determine the first equivalence point. The initial pH of the water sample was 9. 75; the addition of phenolphthalein thus induced a colour change. Phenolphthalein produces a colour change in water in the pH range 8. 3 10. The alkalinity measured at this point is the half carbonate that has been neutralized in the reaction. Half carbonate reaction; from equation (3) only one proton H+ is consumed during the neutralization, therefore, half carbonate reaction is simply the amount of hydrogen ion (which is one) consumed during the phenolphthalein indicator method. Methyl orange indicator method measures the buffering capacity of the neutralized solution. The bicarbonate (HCO3-) ion initially present with those produced during the half reaction is completely neutralized. Methyl orange produces a colour change at pH range 3. 5 4. 5. HCO3- + H+ H2O + CO2 Both methods is used to determine the total alkalinity of the reaction, thus, total alkalinity is the addition of the equivalence points of the reaction. Methodology The experiment was carried out in two parts, titration and pH indicator methods. Titration method (phenolphthalein indicator) 25ml of carbonate/bicarbonate mixture was pipette into a conical flask and two drops of phenolphthalein was added, the solution changed from colourless to pink. The mixture was then titrated against 0. 1M HCl until the pink colour changed to colourless. Table (1) shows the value that was obtained. (Methyl orange indicator) 25ml of carbonate/bicarbonate mixture was pipette into a conical flask and two drops of methyl orange was added, the solution changed from colourless to yellow. The mixture was then titrated against 0. 1M HCl until the yellow colour changed to pink. Table (1) shows the value that was obtained.pH indicator method 25ml of carbonate/bicarbonate mixture was pipette into a beaker and distilled water was added, the mixture was then titrated against 0. 1M HCl. A pH digital meter was introduced to measure the initial and subsequent changes in pH of solution. Table (2) shows the value that was obtained. Results The investigation of carbonate and bicarbonate in the water sample can first be described by the following reactions: (a) H2CO3 (aq) H+ (aq) + HCO3-(aq) (b) HCO3-(aq) H+ (aq) + CO3-2(aq) Various results were obtained during the titration and pH indicator methods. Table (1) shows the values obtained when 0. 1MHCl was titrated against the carbonate/bicarbonate mixture. Table (2) shows the values for the pH indicator method, table (3) shows the values for the derivative curve and table (4) shows the class result (raw data). The value obtained was then plotted on a graph to obtain various readings; the graphs would be explained later in the discussion. The plot on figure (1) shows the relationship between the pH and volume of 0. 1M HCl used. Figure (2) is the derivative curve, figures (3 4) is used to determine the equivalence points of the reactions.

The Roles of Culture, Mothers, and Daughters in Amy Tans The Joy Luck

  Ã‚  Ã‚   "A mother is best. A mother knows what is inside of you," said An-Mei Hsu to her daughter Rose (188). And this is true for all four of the mothers in the Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan. Unfortunately it was much more complicated than that, because the daughters had minds of their own, to a certain extent, minds that were part American. "The emphasis on honor, obedience, and loyalty among women are immense in this novel" (The Joy Luck Club: An Overview). In America, these characteristics were not emphasized nearly as much – and that is what caused tension between mother and daughter.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Joy Luck Club was founded by Suyuan Woo, and when she passed away, the Club looked to her daughter Jing-Mei to replace her. Suyuan was a very strong-willed woman who had suffered many hardships. In the process of fleeing from the invading Japanese, she had to abandon her two babies from her first husband. Things like that are what caused her to be so strong, but her daughter was doubtful in her ability to fill the role her mother once played.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Jing-Mei brought much hope to her mother.   Suyuan was very critical of the people around her, so she was especially critical of her daughter. Once, Jing-Mei confronted her about being so critical, saying "people rise to other people’s expectations" (31). Suyuan replayed to her daughter, "That’s the trouble, you never rise. Lazy to get up. Lazy to rise to expectations" (31). And that was the basis of the mother-daughter relationship between Suyuan and Jing-Mei. Suyuan always had very high expectations for her daughter – wanting her to be a child prodigy. She would give Jing-Mei tests on things she would read in magazines, like knowing the capitals of the states or multiplying numbers. Jing-Mei ev... ...ough the daughters possessed different personalities, and the mothers varied in strength, they all had one important thing in common – they all wanted their daughters to listen to them. The mother’s firmly believed that if you were obedient to your mother you would grow up a good Chinese woman – but that was the problem. "One of the major conflicts between the mothers and their daughters is the desire of the young generation to become more Americanized" (Ballantine Teacher’s Guide on The Joy Luck Club). The daughters were raised in America, which meant that they were influenced a great deal by American ways. There was no preventing that. The significance of the relationships between mother and daughter were a result of a clash of culture between Chinese belief and American tradition. WORKS CITED    Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. New York: Random House, 1989.

Is stress necessary to motivate us

I do not agree that stress is necessary to motivate us. I get motivation from being stress-free. I have better days when I am not stressed. I am happy and joyful, instead of angry and frustrated. When I get stressed I just am down or angry and don't want to be bothered. I have kids, and they can tell when I have a stressful day because it shows on my face. Then they are not happy and I just get more stressed then before. If people did not feel any stress their productive levels would probably be very good.Getting things done eliminates worries. If you are not stressed than you can focus on getting done what needs to be done. I think my ideal level of stress is when I am so fed up I want to explode. If I start to cry and I just feel like I can't take anymore, my stress level is very high. I try to control my stress level, and try to be a very happy person. That's how I like to be. Under no circumstances is it ever acceptable to treat coworkers or employees differently because of their differences.You should never judge a book by its cover before taking the time to read it. Our differences are what make us who we are. You and your coworkers are not going to see everything the same, so you should take in their differences, and accept them as they are. I think you should recognize coworker or employees openly. Everybody has something they do one way, and the next person does it another way. It is okay to take in others judgment, and look at it as a positive, and not a negative thought.

Team Discussion on App for Apple iPhone

Working for Apple the type of research one would want to see done would be a reporting study. This type of study will display data that provides statistics comparing the application to other applications that users are already using and what features of the application users are wanting. This report is the first step in determining if the application is worth moving forward with. Once the application shows to be a valuable asset for users the next step is to focus on what the users want in an applications. I would expect the proposal to demonstrate on how user-friendly the application is, and who is the target audience this application is intended for. Many users want an application easy to use that a child can figure it out in one step. Another key factor users look for is the cost of the application. Keeping the cost down at a low price that is appealing to the user but profitable to the company will make this application successful for both parties. Derek's Response to Nancy I think the reporting study would be a great way to determine whether or not to move forward with the acceptance of the App into the Apple Store. This is because the reporting study would give background information on the App study, including concrete details of the App and how it differs from other Apps in the same category. It would also give the necessary data to determine what group the App would best suit. This information would be obviously important because one would not want an App that is geared toward adults be in the viewing control of children without the proper warning labels. I think that it would have been a great way to find out if the customers would want to buy an app or not. When people are getting ready to get an app they definitely want something that is useful and they will not be disappointed with. When doing research you will be able to see if the app will do good or not. Also it will be able to decipher whether you are gearing it toward the correct audience. You do not want to just throw something out there to see if it will work without research. It is important to test your product before delivering it. If I worked for Apple, the first thing I would want to see in a proposal for a new App for the App store would be whether or not the proposal has met the policy and procedures by Apple. The reason I would do this is that if the requirements were met the App would be compatible with the requirements of Apple’s App store on so many levels. For example: If there are technical glitches or errors the App will not be approved by our technicians. I will also look for the simplicity of the App to make sure it will be user friendly. Creativity would play a big role in App approval because with more than 300,000 Apps in the App store, we would think it is important for the App to be unique. Research would be just as important as policies and procedures to gain approval for the App store. Although at times because of inappropriate research, we would have to be aware of this type of research to make sure it does not become part of the Apple App store. Inappropriate research will include anything that has any racial tones that may offend any of our customers and research must be in compliance with the law. Bottom line is, I will not except anything is unethical. User-friendly application is a function that users look for when deciding on purchasing the application or not. Statics stating what functions users are most likely to be attractive to provides insight if the product will be successful. These statics are important and presenting them in the proposal will help for determination of releasing the application. The application uniqueness is also important and knowing the competition of other application provides insight. Researching applications similar to the one in the proposal will reflect on the popularity of the new application. Following policies, procedures, compatibility, and ethical conduct are very important steps in business, but I am not sure if this information is appropriate research for a proposal. I agree with Derek on this one. You have to make sure that you can get approval from the app store before you try to finalize your product. If you were to introduce a product that was not something that the App store would not even be allowed to have in there store then you would be just wasting time. Research is the key ingredient to making sure that you are producing the right type of app or anything else. Without this we would have a lot of failed businesses. Always make sure that what we are producing is what the people want. Developers are constantly inventing and improving apps for the Apple ® iPhone ® mobile digital device. As a representative for Apple, researching the market of available apps helps take the first step into developing a successful app. A new app proposal requires a content analysis that helps educate developers on successful app designsand marketing. Proving there is a consumer interest for the app from a variety of age groups, demographics, genders, and geographical locations may help determine whether or not the app gets approved. The proposal should provide evidence regarding how the potential app meets the needs of Apple’s customer base. The proposed app plans should surpass the competition by demonstrating that it is one of a kind and has potential room for growth. The research of the app should determine its reliability and show data that ensure the app functions properly with the operating systems (OS) configurations for each device Apple offers. There are numerous apps with an exceedingly crowded market that the barrier to access is low and the barrier to attaining success is high. Offering research for an app that is difficult to duplicate but easy for customers to download will help in the approval process. However, including inappropriate research in the proposal is cause for disapproval. Technical problems like annoying bugs and constant crashes will result in disapproval from Apple. Using images, words, software, or ideas that Apple owns or information that does not pertain directly to the app and its functionality, technical content, or design criteria is inappropriate (Apple, 2012). Proposals containing explicit or offensive material such as adult material, racial slurs, and any kind of discrimination and defamation are considered inappropriate and disapproval may occur (Apple, 2012). However, there is also research that can be one of the priciest errors developers can make. Applying funds to insufficient research or researching ideas that are extensively available becomes futile for developers. They concentrate on generating original ideas and waste time as well as energy producing those apps.

Design Theories in education

Design Theories in education Introduction Almost every characteristic of people’s daily lives involves problem solving and learning. Whether they are working, playing games, studying or engaging in any activity, people are always continually applying or adding to their ever-expanding pool of knowledge. Learning starts at birth and it ends when one dies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Design Theories in education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It takes place everywhere i.e. in schools, home, at work e.t.c. Learning refers to the act of acquiring knowledge through such aspects as socialization and observation. Morrison, Ross, Kemp (2001), in their studies stated that for learning to be carried out effectively, there must be some key elements which include the learner, the teacher and the information to be learned. There are many different types of design theories that use the tenets of learning theories to build effective instruction. I nstruction design theories usually describe how instructions are organized with an aim of achieving objectives. Design theories are perspective theories in that, they enable a teacher or an expert to select and organize instructional events to enhance the learning process. The basis of design theories is on how people learn (Morrison, Ross, Kemp, 2001, p. 62-83). The following essay is concerned with educational design theories. The essay focuses on how the design theories can help improve the constructed responses in reading on the Wisconsin Knowledge and Concepts Examination (WKCE). The Wiggins’s theory of backwards design The Backward Curriculum design was developed by Wiggins and McTighe. The Backward Curriculum Design is based on the notion that the design process should first identify the set objectives to be achieved and then work backwards to create instruction. This approach to curriculum design is completely different with the traditional approach which first ident ifies what topic requires to be covered. It departs from the common approach in that, the teacher starts with the end in determining the curriculum instead of starting with a textbook. The Backward design has three main stages. The first stage identifies the desired results. According to this theory, the teacher has the role of identifying the course objectives, as well as the enduring understanding i.e. the learning that should be covered over long-term.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Question format which focuses on the line of inquiry is used in identifying the desired learning. Benchmarks or state standards are used in determining the desired learning. The second stage is the assessment of the desired results and outcomes. This stage aims at defining the forms of assessment that best demonstrates the students’ understanding and skill. There are three types of ass essments i.e. performance task, criteria referenced assessment and unprompted assessment. The third stage determines the sequence of learning experience that is ideal for the students. The Backward design can help improve the constructed responses in reading on the WKCE because it has the effect of delaying the selection of teaching as well as other instructional strategies until the last stage of the process (Moore, 2005, P.45). Gagne’s nine events of instruction Gagne’s nine events of instruction is a learning theory that was developed by Robert Gagne. Each of Gagne’s nine events is meant to boost the learning process or to ensure that learning takes place effectively. Information processing learning theory is the main basis of these events and is key in the success of every event. According to this theory, the first presentation of the instruction is supposed to motivate the learner. The event thus, has the role of focusing the learners on the goals to be acc omplished. Learning cannot take place effectively without focusing on the tasks. Some of the methods that are used for gaining the attention of the students include presenting discrepant events. It can improve the constructed response in reading in that, the teachers can gain the attention of learners through actions that makes them to focus on the tasks to be learned (Mastrian, McGonigle Mahan,2011,P.97). The second event is informing the learner about the objective to be accomplished. The learner should be provided with the learning outcomes. This plays an important role in enabling the learner to know his or her instructional destination. The learner is able sort out the necessary materials from a list (Briggs, 1991, P.199-206).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Design Theories in education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Stimulating recall of prerequisite learning is the third event of Gagne’s learning th eory. According to this theory, learning is intended to build on what is already known. Learners are required to have prerequisite knowledge or skill in order to integrate them with new ones. This in turn helps to improve the constructed response in reading (Briggs, 1991, P.199-206). The fourth event of Gagne’s learning theory is presenting the stimulus material. This event of instruction presents the learners with the necessary information to be learned. The main aim of presenting materials is to ensure that the learners have basic knowledge on the tasks to be learned (Briggs, 1991, P.199-206). The other event of Gagne’s event of instruction is providing learning guidance. The main role of this event is to provide the learners with an opportunity to know what actions bring an ideal performance. Usually, learners are better placed to perform tasks on their own after observing from others. The teachers can provide learning guidance to learners by showing them all the st eps involved in solving a problem (Briggs,1991,P.199-206). Eliciting performance is the sixth of Gagne’s nine events of instruction. The learners are provided with an opportunity to test out their understanding through certain activities or questions. The learner is thus given an opportunity to practice what requires to be learned in this event (Briggs, 1991, P.199-206). Providing feedback is the seventh event of instruction according to Gagne’s nine events. Feedback is usually provided to learners in order to convey information about their accuracy or correctness of their performance (Briggs, 1991, P.199-206). The other instruction event of Gagne’s nine events is assessing performance. Assessing performance provides the learner with an opportunity to demonstrate the learning outcomes without the assistance from teachers (Briggs, 1991, P.199-206). The last event of Gagne’s nine events of instruction is the enhancement of retention and transfer. Knowledge and skills are mainly valuable if the learners can apply them at appropriate times (Briggs, 1991, P.199-206).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The four elements of teaching for understanding The standards for the four elements of teaching for understanding include the following i.e. generative topics, understanding goals, understanding performances and ongoing assessments (Reigeluth, 1999, P.108). A generative topic is concerned with the topic selection. This element requires that the learners should be presented with topics that are easily understandable and authentic. The main features of this element of teaching for understanding are that the topic should be relevant, connectible, accessible and interesting to both the learners and the teacher (Reigeluth, 1999, P.108). With regards to understanding goals, the element requires that the students should do their best to understand the learning outcome. Goals should not be ambiguous. The teacher should share goals with the learners in order to enable them to fully understand the learning outcomes (Reigeluth, 1999, P.108). Understanding performances provides the learners wit h an opportunity to prove their understanding of the learning objectives. This element of teaching for understanding enables the teacher to actively engage his or her learners (Reigeluth, 1999, P.108). The ongoing assessment is the fourth element for teaching for understanding. The main role of ongoing assessment is to provide the teachers with a forum of assessing the performance of the students and thus make improvements where necessary. Ongoing assessment should be done on regular basis and should be explicit (Reigeluth, 1999, P.108). Conclusion The best process of instruction that will ensure that students complete or even do the constructed response sections of the exam is the Gagne’s nine events of instruction. This method of instruction is ideal because it is goal driven. It is appropriate for the students as it can enable them to form a constructed response. Gagne’s nine events of instruction enhance the learning process in that; it has the ability of identifyi ng the learning outcome. Also, it identifies the events that should take place, organizes them in a sequence manner and ensures that each event includes all the relevant information for the objectives to be attained. Reference List Briggs, L. (1991). Instructional design: principles and applications. New York: EducationalTechnology. Mastrian, K, and McGonigle Mahan, W. (2011). Integrating technology in nursing education: tools for the knowledge era.Sadbury: Jones Bartlett Learning. Moore, K. (2005). Effective instructional strategies: from theory to practice. Thousand Oaks: SAGE. Morrison, G, Ross, S. Kemp, J. (2001). Task Analysis in  Designing Effective Instruction. New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Reigeluth, C. (1999). Instructional-design theories and models, Volume 2.London: Routledge.

How a Gamble Paid Off

How a Gamble Paid Off Several years ago, I spent ten days in Las Vegas on business. I allowed myself only twenty dollars to gamble with and am proud to say I broke even. After my home state approved the lottery, people lined up to buy the prized tickets. Not I. I can probably count on one hand the number of lottery tickets Ive bought. Im just not that much of a gambler. But the one time I did gamble, it paid off in a big way. A very big way. I had this completed manuscript titled Wink of an Eye gathering dust in my file drawer when I saw a notice in FundsForWriters for the St. Martins Press/Private Eye Writers of America Best 1st PI Novel competition. The manuscript met all the criteria for submission so I stuffed it in an envelope, scraped together the thirty dollar entry fee and mailed them off. To others, thirty dollars may not seem like a lot, but at that time I was unemployed and on the last weeks of collecting unemployment. It was a weeks worth of groceries. But I took a chance, crossed my fingers and said a prayer. Time went Then one day many weeks later, there in my inbox was an email from St. Martins Press. They were pleased to advise me Wink of an Eye had been chosen as a finalist for the competition. I remember being super excited that it could garner a publishing contract or some other kind of notice as a second place, third place, or honorable mention submission, because surely it wouldnt win. A week later, I received another email from St. Martins advising me my manuscript, Wink of and Eye, had won the competition. The prize was a ten thousand-dollar advance and publishing contract. Not a bad return on a thirty-dollar investment. Im still not much of a gambler, but I will take a second look at contests with big prizes now. If you consider entering your work in a contest, there are a few things to consider. First, is the entry fee fair in relation to the prizes? I saw a recent call for submissions where the entry fee was forty dollars with a hundred-dollar prize. You do the math. Secondly, winning a contest does not mean your winning entry will be published, unless the prize is publication. In that case, you still must read the contest rules and regulations, and contract if offered, thoroughly, to determine if the rights taken and means published fit your preferences. And lastly, entering your unpublished work in a contest should carry the same polish as if you were submitting to a publisher. Revise, edit, proofread. Repeat. The process should be the same whether its going to a contest, small press, or big house. Not all contests are equal, but there are some really good ones out there. And they can be an excellent way of getting your foot in the door and reaching an audience, if youre willing to take the gamble.

End-of-Term Written Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

End-of-Term Written - Assignment Example Later on, with the turn of the century, white bands began to emerge and Jazz music has been evolving since its birth. In the book â€Å"A History of Jazz Music†, Scaruffi Piero credits New Orleans for becoming a hub for Jazz music and the pivot where musicians came to perform and earn. As it says, â€Å"New Orleans was a cosmopolitan amusement park. Thus music was always in demand, not just as paid entertainment but as the soundtrack of a never-ending party. In other cities ethnicity was a problem. In New Orleans ethnicity was an opportunity to improve the party, because each ethnic group brought its different style of partying (e.g., dances) to the party.† (Scaruffi, 2005) Stylistic Characteristic of Chick Corea The way he plays his electric keyboard especially on synthesizers is commendable and that is also one of the major reasons of his popularity. Also, Corea has been with countless bands and musicians, yet he has remained popular and his music, ever recognizable w ith the bass drums, blues, syncopation, improvisation and what not. He started playing piano from the age of four and had been influenced by Horace Silver and Bud Powell. As mentioned above, he collaborated with various artists in performing Jazz music and it says that he remained playing for 40 years with all these people; keeping in mind the fact, that he started his career in early 1960’s. With the turn of the 21st century, Corea began experimenting with solo albums and produced six solo albums namely, Solo Piano: Originals, Solo Piano: Standards, Past, Present & Futures, Rendezvous in New York, To the Stars and The Ultimate Adventure. It must be noted that Corea is not just a pianist but also a composer and that he had engaged in experimenting with Jazz music in collaboration with many other vocalists, drummers and guitarists to carve a niche for himself in this music genre. He is an award-winning icon who is best known for his â€Å"countless performances, recordings, t ours and collaborations with some of the music’s most well-respected names. Having been a member in bands of legends like Miles Davis, Stan Getz, and countless others, Corea began developing what has become a remarkably illustrative career. As a member of these bands, Corea met many of his closest musical cohorts, of whom he would work closely with for years to come.† (Larson, 2013) Among other things, Corea is also known to be associated with Scientology, which has a major impact on his music and as he said in one of his interviews that he could communicate with millions of people while performing as he implied Scientology in his music. About â€Å"Return to Forever† Return to Forever was composed in 1972 but it was released in USA not before 1975 and therefore their second album, â€Å"Light as a Feather† which was released in 1973; made their first album really popular. Return to Forever is another fusion of Latin and Brazilian rhythms which is mixed wi th electro-piano notes. This album is very soft and comprises of romantic numbers which is very different than that of other Jazz music which was being produced at that time. As Miles Davis and Tony Williams were producing ground shaking, rocking music, Corea and his team were approaching the Jazz music with yet another

What does it mean to be a leader in a cultural context Essay

What does it mean to be a leader in a cultural context - Essay Example Organizational culture, as agreed by most of the writers, in a great determinant of person-organization fit. It’s a combined effect of individual and situation response that determines and elicit a response. Kirstof (1996) views person-organization fit as the compatibility between the people involved and the organization; a compatibility of value and expectations between employee and the employer. It often refers to as the congruency of an individual’s beliefs and values with the culture, norms and values of an organization. This is the crux of person-culture fit where according to Chatman (1988), values provides the starting point and selection and socialization processes are complimentary to person- culture fit. This article revived the interest in person-situation interactional paradigms and shed light on various aspects of the concept, providing an insight into various approaches that shows the relationship between the two. It identifies values that are often used i n describing an organizational culture. As per numerous researches conducted, it has been observed that people generally tend to place them in different social categories: race, color, gender, religion, ethnicity etc. and use these categories to define themselves. Based on this, they tend to go for roles that provide congruency in terms of organizational fit and go for such organization which they perceive to be similar to their underlying values. The article, moreover, moves beyond the relationship and focuses on the qualitative assessment of the person- organization fit. It studies the person-culture fit through profile comparison technique in order to determine individual preferences for culture and relationship amongst the two across a broad range of values. (O’Reilly 1990). The results obtained were highly reliable and had strong validity. It showed that individual preference for organization varies with differences in personality characteristics. It also revealed that o rganizations within the same industry also vary with respect to cultural values. Q-sort thus provides analysis within and across organizations in terms of cultural values (Burns & Stalker, 1960). Moreover, person-organization fit also provides useful insight into individual adjustments into different organizations with respect to varying individual preferences. Moreover, high person-organization fit results in high organizational commitment, job satisfaction and hence productivity and growth of both the employer and the employee. In order to get ultimate satisfaction with the work, employee needs to join a company that has value system congruent with that of the individual. There has been a strong relation between high performance and the perfect fit between organization and the employee. Organization culture profile item set includes numerous variables. Of the various items I had a personal organizational experience with, includes being socially responsible. As a part of my value s ystem, social responsibility has always influenced me and I try to integrate it in my conduct wherever applicable. The current organization I work with, exhibits high corporate social responsibility in its business affairs, products and offerings. It believes in initiating environmental friendly behavior rather than merely guiding others to do so. Because I find it congruent with my belief system, it is easier for me to work and is a source of intrinsic motivation. Another item is being team oriented which my employer high

Phy 155 Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Phy 155 Assignment - Essay Example Another factor was the market monopoly for large computers held by IBM, which made the product only applicable to private computers. CISCO is a multinational corporation specializing in designing, manufacturing and selling network equipment. The company was started by a married couple, Sandy Lerner and Leonard Bosack , who both worked at Stanford University in computer operations (Schneider, 2010). The company managed to develop high standard routers although it faced lawsuits as some of their software were said to have been stolen from the university. The founding couple worked out of the company in 1990, when the company went public. The company went public and became the most valued companies at more than $500 billion. The company has extensively utilized acquisitions in achieving the tremendous growth it currently enjoys. Despite the acquisitions, the company captured the internet wave through production of modem access shelves and core GSR routers. Large capacity – fibre optics can transmit a large number of conversations simultaneously compared to other cables, fibre optics (up to 1million), coaxial cables (10,000 conversations, microwave radio (2000 conversations. There are approximately over 5 billion internet connection devices in the world today. The current world population is said to be about 7.2 billion people. The number of internet connection devices is expected to surpass the total world population as internet connections continue to increase. The effects of increased internet usage are expected to enhance communication and information transferring between the increased population. The increased usage and increased population is expected to increase the pressure on internet connections necessitating upgrades within short

Indias Society and Culture

Indias Society and Culture Executive Summary The culture of India is among the worlds oldest, reaching back about 5,000 years. Many sources describe it as Sa Prathama Sanskrati Vishvavara — the first and the supreme culture in the world. India is a very diverse country, and different regions have their own distinct cultures. Language, religion, food and the arts are just some of the various aspects of Indian culture. Here is a brief overview of the culture of India. Introduction Major determinants of social and political organization in India today are: Religion, Caste, and Language. There are more job opportunities in the private sector and better chances of upward social mobility now, hence India has begun a quiet social transformation in this area. The government has recognized 18 official languages; Hindi, the national language, is the most widely spoken, although English is a national lingua franca. About 80% of the population is Hindu; India is the home of more than 138 million Muslims, the third largest Muslim population in the world. India’s population also includes Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists, and Parsis. The Caste System The caste system is based on occupational and socially defined hierarchies. There are 4 castes: 1) Priests (Brahmin), 2) Warriors (Kshatriya), 3) Traders/artisans (Vaishya), and 4) Farmers/laborers (Shudra). These categories are generally understood throughout India. The caste system does not include the tribal people and those outside the caste system formerly known as untouchables†, or dalits. In reality, Indian society is divided into thousands of jatislocal, endogamous groups based on occupationand organized hierarchically according to complex ideas of purity and pollution. Discrimination based on caste is officially illegal, but remains prevalent, especially in rural areas. Government effort, expanding education, land reform and economic opportunity through access to information, communication, transport, and credit are helping to lessen the harshest elements of the caste system. The Hindu Worldview Concept of dharma – following one’s duty; being duty bound Karma – action and consequence (as we sow, so we reap) Samsara – cycle of life Moksha – release from the successive cycles of life, death and rebirth Hindu Weddings Hindu weddings are a sacrament. Generally, they last a few days. They are highly ritualized. Fire is a sacred and central element of the Hindu wedding. Weddings are very festive, with lots of music, dancing, food, sweets, gifts, and include many family traditions. Black or plain white is NEVER worn at a wedding as both are the colors of sorrow, mourning or widowhood. Not all Hindu weddings are ostentatious, noisy, and long. Many factors affect wedding customs: Region Caste Socio-economic standing Education level Urban versus rural Family make-up Workforce Labor force: 487.6 million (2011 estimate) Labor force by occupation: Agriculture: 52% Industry: 14% Services: 34% Unemployment rate: 9.8% (2011 estimate) Classified as a low income country by the World Bank with a GNI (gross national income) of $450. Great inequality in the distribution of wealth: the richest tenth of households hold 33% of wealth, while the poorest tenth only hold 3%. 29% of the population lives below the poverty line; 70% of these people reside in rural areas; 86% of the population lives under $2 per day; 44% lives under $1 per day; 25% of the population does not have enough money to eat adequately. Dos and Donts in India 1) Do drink bottled water only. 2) Dont offer bribes to get any job done. Bribe-taking and bribe-giving are a common practice in India but they are intended to speed up things or win a favor that non-Indians are not entitled to. Plan well in advance. Use consultants or trade and industry associations. If you expect favors, let them come free or not at all. Warn anyone (even in government) who asks you for a bribe that you would report him to the Anti-Corruption Bureau or the nearest police-station. 3) Don’t show amusement at Indian English, accents or choice of words. The fact remains that many Indians speak and write better English than many native English speakers. 4) Do pay attention to the Indian nod. Many Indians are in the habit of shaking their head in the course of conversation or taking instructions. The nod generally means I hear you. Namaste. This is a greeting done with joining of your palms as during prayer. 5) Do say namaste, folding your hands together, as if praying. This is a common greeting well understood across India, in spite of linguistic differences. 6) Don’t shake hands with women if they do not extend their hand out first. Many women may not wish to shake hands when met, so a ‘Namaste’ greeting is appropriate, followed with a Kaise hai? (How are you? in Hindi.) Indian Food Wide regional variation A variety of spices and nuts add delicate flavor to the food Vegetarian food is very common in India There are many types of curries (vindaloo, Madras, etc.) Do not confuse curry with gravy. No beef! (Cows are considered holy in India.) Chicken and lamb/mutton are common meats, as is fish. Indian pickles are served with every meal; they are made with oil, spices and a variety of vegetables (mango, lemon, chilies, and carrots.) Plain yogurt is consumed with almost every meal. Indian Cinema The biggest film producing industry in the world is the Mumbai-based Bollywood. It is also called Hindi Cinema, since many regional language films are also produced in India. Melodrama and romance are common ingredients of Bollywood films. Indian Music India has a history of music that spans millennia. Music serves as spiritual inspiration, cultural expression and pure entertainment. Types of music: Folk – rural, ethnic, regional music Popular – Bollywood and regional cinema music Classical music – two branches: Carnatic) Southern India) and Hindustani (Northern and Central India) Galaxy of Musicians by Raja Ravi Varma depicts Indian women dressed in regional attire playing a variety of musical instruments popular in different parts of the country. Indian Dance In Hindu mythology, dance is believed to have been conceived by Brahma, who inspired the sage Bharata Muni to write the Natya Shastra, a treatise on performing arts, from which a codified practice of dance and drama emerged. The best-known of Hindu deities—Shiva, Kali and Krishna—are typically represented dancing. Shivas cosmic dance, Kalis dance of creation and destruction, and Krishnas dance with the gopikas (cow-herd girls)—Rasa Lila—are popular motifs in Hindu mythology. Conclusion To conclude with, there are different aspects of the Indian culture. Each aspect is practiced by people but not everyone believes in the different aspects. As you can see it is a very traditional culture, everyone has their opinion towards it, positive and negative. Therefore the Indian Culture is a very unique culture and has various practices. Although the youth do not believe in the traditional aspects, the culture will vary with time and will not be traditional anymore because of the modern world. All in all the aspects are frequently practiced but tomorrow’s generation are going to change it.

Henry Fleming and The red Badge of Courage :: Red Badge Courage Essays

Henry Fleming and The red Badge of Courage The main character of this book is Henry Fleming, mostly referred to as The Youth or Youth. The Youth has dark, curly brown hair also; he is a young teenager and is average height when compared to the Tall Soldier. Henry is insecure because he is going through a difficult stage between being a "man" and being a "boy". Henry can't wait to get to war when he signs up but during the book Henry learns that war has a lot of affects on people emotionally and physically. Henry's flaw is that he is afraid of making himself look bad and he is worried that he is going to be a coward and run away from battle. Henry really wants to be a "man" and be courageous. I once heard a swim coach give an extremely good definition of courage. He said "To me courage is not to be unafraid but it is to be afraid but one does it anyways and doesn't worry about being afraid. I think Henry thought of courageous as fearless and that is also part of his flaw. The first time Henry's flaw gets him in trouble is in chapter 10 and when he gets his chance to go into battle he flees. He at first thinks the war is boring but he soon learns that war is very frightening. When Henry flees he also shows insecurity when he tries to make up an excuse for why he wasn't with the rest of the regiment. Henry thinks very poorly of himself at this point and really anyone would run from a war, I don't think he was ready. The second time Henry's flaw is evident is in chapter 12 when Henry tries to stop a man to ask what is going on with the battle since he ran away. The man was also trying to get away and hit Henry on the head with his rifle. This is evidence of his flaw because if he hadn't run away then he wouldn't have to bother this man. Henry is also too afraid to go back without any knowledge of what happened. The first time Henry's flaw improves is when he is mad at himself for running away from the battle and he begins to relate to nature.

Architect: Analyzing Southwest Airlines Essay

Company’s Strategy: Southwest’s strategy is to improve efficiency in its operations and pass cost saving to its customers by offering them low and competitive prices. Southwest Airlines is dedicated to providing the highest quality of Customer Service delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride, and company Spirit. Analyze each key element of the company separately based on the congruence Model Organization Structure (Formal Structure): The organization of Southwest Airlines is best described as an upside-down pyramid – an organization very much in line with the way they want to do business. The upper management is at the bottom and supports the front line employees, who are the experts. Front line employees play a major role in the yearly business planning and operational budgeting which for a great part is done bottom-up rather than top-down. This is the fruit of co-founder Herb Kelleher’s unorthodox leadership style, in which management decisions are made by everyone in the organization, not just the head executives. The company does not put much emphasis on structure instead, employees are encouraged to think freely without constraints such as titles or official mandates. Culture (Informal Structure): The development improvement and refinement of originality, individuality and identity and personality of a given people. This is how southwest airlines define its culture. Southwest Airlines was built on their unique culture, continuously tout it and have dedicated a position to constantly communicating it. Southwest executives are clear on who they are and who would be a good fit to â€Å"live the Southwest way.† Three components include having a †¢ Warrior spirit: Work hard, want to be the best, be courageous, display a sense of urgency, persevere and innovate. †¢ Servant’s heart: Follow the golden rule, put others first, demonstrate proactive customer service and embrace the Southwest family. †¢ Fun-loving attitude: Don’t take yourself too seriously, maintain perspective, celebrate successes, enjoy work and be a passionate team player. Work (Task) – Airline Operations. Requires skilled workforce and much emphasis is placed on customers relation and to providing quality service. To work for Southwest one must follow a vision that is customer service oriented and therefore, pleasant in demeanor and family friendly. Southwest has a special loyalty and commitment to its employees. Southwest had the lowest turnaround time for its aircrafts for a long period of time. To accomplish the difficult task, workers performed many tasks, including loading and unloading luggage, emptying wastes, taking packages and helping passengers, or they were trained to do a lot of multitasking. People – One of the many things good about Southwest Airlines is that the kinds of people who are heroes of the organization are people who care and go out of their way to help the customers. They’re the ones who are celebrated and held up as shining examples. Additionally, high levels of satisfaction among employees can be attributed to Southwest employee policy. Happy employees can provide high quality service and bring more customers back. To reinforce the culture of hard work, high-energy, fun, local autonomy, and creativity, the company provided continuous education program to employees. If you can help someone out or brighten someone’s day, be it a co-worker or a passenger, you’re doing your job well. Analyze how these elements interact with each other. 1. Work and People: The workers in the company are recruited through a process where the right people are chooses for the right job and emphasis is placed on attitude. Also emphasis is placed on people who can do anything to get a particular task done. Coordination and cooperation is always emphasized and people who were can multitask and go out of their way to help customers or complete a task are treated as heroes. 2. Work and Structure: The structure places emphasis on people and the work they do. Management decisions are made by taking into consideration the ideas and suggestions from the front line. The front line of the company is involved in the entire decision making done in the company. Since the worker bee is central to all decision making in Southwest, it gives the employees in the organization authority to make changes to the structure for the maximum benefit of the organization. This leads to higher congruence between work and structure. 3. Structure and People: The organization structure allows the people to work effectively and take responsibility. Job responsibilities are not strictly defined. The structure provides for people to do anything and everything to get a task done. For example, the pilots helped clean a plane when all hands were required to turnaround a flight quickly. 4. People and Culture: The culture of southwest airlines is people centric. Employees are celebrated and made heroes if employees go out of their way to help customers or co-workers. The culture supports the people and nurtures them to think of the company as an extension of themselves and care and support other member of the company. 5. Culture and Work: The culture of the company is reflected in the work performed by the employees. In one scenario where a rival airline resolves to slash pricing (to half the price of what southwest was charging) so that it can put southwest out of business, but southwest comes up with a unique idea. Instead of reducing the price they provided customers with free liquor and the customers liked it. This shows high congruence between the culture and work because unique ideas come when employees think freely and are also willing to work to make these ideas successful. 6. Structure and Culture: Yes. The formal structure the organization is divided into various departments based on functions (that work cohesively) and the informal structure provides for communication to flow freely amongst various departments. The informal structure also encourages to make changes to the formal structure if required because the decision making process flows from the bottom instead of the top. Conclusion: Southwest Airlines is effectively able to fit together the four key components of performance, tasks, people, structure, and culture. These elements worked together in unison and produced an organization-wide system that functions efficiently and effectively.

Criminal Justice System Structures Human Behaviour

â€Å"Law structures and guides human behaviour in a variety of ways: through the content of the rules it makes, the way its officials behave, and/or the severity of the penalties it imposed on those who do not conform to its requirements. †(Hay, 2004) In this essay, I will examine to what extent does the Canadian Criminal Justice System structures human behaviour, and whether or not this behaviour portrays itself to reflect the values of the official version of law.I will examine how the differences in behaviour, practices and priorities of each player in the criminal justice system conflicts with one another, and whether it contradicts or reflects the values of the official version of law. The official version of law is very significant to all aspects of the criminal justice system because the degree to which the system reflects these values tells us whether the system is just. The first case I observed was at Old City Hall, mental health court, room 102. The accused in this case was a homeless middle aged woman who had attempted to push a woman and her baby onto the subway train tracks.The judge, who was wearing a red sash, was sitting at an elevated position in the court, and the accused was sitting in the witness stand. The counsels were asking her questions, in order to come to a decision on whether she is eligible to be released back into society. The availability of a surety was discussed; the defence explained that the accused has no due to the fact that she has no relatives. The defence also argued how the accused does not have any previous encounters with the Criminal Justice System, which should be taken into account when considering her release.The defence’s language was very professional, and she spoke to the judge with the highest respect, referring to her as your Honour or your Majesty. The Crowns language was very professional as well, however I found her attitude was somewhat rude, and her tone was very impolite. However, the Cro wn was very stern with her arguments and effectively attacked every claim the defence. When it came to making a decision, the judge stated how she did not have any primary or tertiary grounds in concern to her release.The most concern was under secondary ground concerns considering the serious allegations. The judge decided that the Crown had met the onus considering that there was insufficient release plans, and her psychiatric analysis claims that the accused is a danger to society. Another case I observed was a bail hearing, which was lead by a Justice of the Peace, which I noticed because she was wearing a green sash. When I walked in, the accused (black male) was sitting in the accused box, and there was a witness being questioned on the witness stand, who was a potential surety.The Crown was asking the witness why he feels he is an eligible surety, and how does he plan on assuring that the accused does not further engage in criminal behaviour. The witness said how if the accus ed did not abide by the conditions given he would go to jail for the accused. The Crown explained the witness that that was not legally feasible. The Crown and the witness discussed that if he was granted surety of the accused, and if the accused did not follow his bail conditions the witness would have to sell his car in order to pay the $10, 000 sureties.While this was going on I noticed that the defence attorney would constantly go over and speak to the accused and whisper in his ear. At one moment the Crown walked out to answer a phone call. I found this to be very informal and disrespectful to the courts. However, the call was concerning the case. What I found interesting about this case was how the witness advocated for the accused, and the remarks he was making. The witness expressed that the accused is aware of what he has done, and would like to be a law abiding citizen and have a good place in society once given the chance too.He also stated how the accused feels like a ta rget in regards to police practices and how they have racially profiled the accused, and that it reflects how the system is unjust. The crown felt that the witness was making excuses for the accused, and asked the witness about his knowledge of the police and the courts, and how they play different roles in the system. The crown also asked if the witnesses’ cousin who happens to be the accused pregnant girlfriend is actually a blood cousin, or a term used to define a close friend.The court setting is presented as an adversarial system, which relies on the dispute between each advocate representing his/her party’s positions and involves an impartial person trying to determine the truth of the case (September 22nd 2009). The ability for this adversarial system to function effectively in court, while embracing the fundamental aspects of the law is very important to how the law presents itself. I was able to observe an adversarial system of dispute taking place in the firs t case, when the adversary parties were disputing whether or not the accused was psychologically fit for release.The Crown attorney stressed how she was not mentally stable to be released back into society. The Crown’s behaviour in her strong arguments and stern attitude reflected the aspect that the role of the prosecutor is to protect the best interest of the public. The defence attorney argued in defence for her client stating that the accused has not had any previous encounters with the criminal justice system in all her years, and that it was a mitigating circumstance that may not happen again. The defence was using any means that she could to succeed on the accused getting released.This portrays how the behaviours and priorities of each officer of the court conflict with one another because they have their own objectives to fulfill in order to portray that they are administrating justice equally and legitimately, as a reflection to the values of the official version of law. Throughout my observations I looked for, but was unable to come across a non-adversarial system in the courtroom. Within an adversarial system, a ‘morality play’ takes place, where each player in the courtroom plays a significant role.Their interactions present what story the laws says about itself to the public, and teaches the public an ideological lesson between right and wrong, where right most commonly prevails (September 22nd 2009). The players in the court include: a judge, a crown attorney and a defence attorney. As I have observed the judge sits at an elevated position in the courtroom, and the adversary officials are positioned on each side of the courtroom. A regular player in the court is the Crown attorney, who represents the power of the state, the Queen.Their objective is not focused on winning the case; they remain impartial and focus on finding the truth, and protecting the best interest of the public. Another player in the court is the defence att orney, who is not impartial; they represent those who are accused of crimes, and they are not impartial because their objective is to win the case. I was able to observe how a morality play was taken place because the prosecutor advocated that what person in their right mind would attempt to push a woman and her infant onto the subway tracks and would be released back into society without any rehabilitative treatment.The prosecutor requested that if she were to be released that she must be appointed to a new psychiatrist that she must refer to frequently. This was an example of a morality play considering that the prosecutor formed an ideology of this woman and that she was mentally unstable. Considering that the accused was a homeless woman, whom I have personally seen in the subway cars begging for money, this would lead the public to believe that any homeless person who begs for money must be someone who is mentally unstable, when in actuality this may not be entirely true.The co nflict that arises in the outcome of morality plays is that certain ideologies would be imposed in the public’s perspective against certain groups, which reinforce the targeting of these groups. This portrays how practices, behaviours and priorities produce systemic discrimination against certain groups which contradicts the official version of law in its claim to be blinded by difference, in order to balance and weigh justice evenly amongst all citizens.This makes one question that despite the incentive of the criminal justice system is to administrate justice evenly, does it work in specific ways that may disregard the official version of law, but it is disguised by laws and practices which seem to justify these unjust distributions of law to occur. Another important aspect of this question is how well does the court portray balance within the system, and how does this balance effect the public’s confidence in the system. Balance is a very important aspect of the off icial version of law, which is represented by the blindfolded maiden who balances and weighs justice.The players in the court must portray this balance by obtaining good relations within the court, in order to avoid incivility in the courtroom, to keep it from imploding (Manarin). Incivility in the courtroom may undermine the right to a fair trial, which causes the public to lose confidence in the administration of justice.. I was also able to observe civility in the courtroom because despite how I found the Crown attorney’s tone and behaviour to be somewhat rude, she was still able to address her opponent as ‘my fellow partner’ even though they do not necessarily work as a team considering they are adversary officials.She addressed her opponent in this manner in order to maintain civility in the courtroom in order to reach a verdict to her satisfaction. Considering that the Crowns attorney behaviour in the courtroom was very stern and aggressive, and she fought very effectively to reach a verdict which would cause the accused to remain in custody it does not suggest that she is an impartial player who is not focused on winning the case. However, it is important to recognize that in his circumstance the prosecutors approach did reflect her interest in protecting the best interest for society, considering that her psychological analysis stated that she was a danger. With this being said, if civility and morality plays protray a certain story that is supposed to be presented to the public, this makes one question to whether laws are essentially reflective of a shared morality, independently decided among a group, or whether officials have formulated this morality through their practices.The conflict that arises when questioning this is that as Hay argued, no matter what the law says, it may have little to do with what the law does(2004). This means that despite what the law says, officials in our criminal justice system have many differences which affect whether the law is distributed proportionately among individuals. These differences include: authority, discretionary power and the primary goals that their job requires. The outcome of how the law is distributed among individuals form specific ideologies and creates an overrepresentation in the system of certain groups to which these individuals belong too.Police practices have an effect to how the law is distributed because of how their practices have a major effect on what is defined as a crime, who is caught up and the net and brought into the system (October 20th 2009). Police practices are influenced by a police subculture which consists of informal factors that affect their behaviour, reflective of shared norms, beliefs and values that differ from the larger culture around them (MacAlister, 2004). This police subculture causes their discretionary power to target those belonging to minority groups, due to perpetuated ideologies against certain groups.The outcome o f this causes these groups to become overrepresented in the system (October 20th 2009). I was able to observe that police practices governed by ideologies is a notion that is believed by citizens who feel they have become victims of police practices such as, racial profiling. I observed this in the last case when the witness was expressing how the accused has felt targeted by the police due to their victimization of minority groups. This is supported by Brannigans argument, â€Å"Just as the fisherman does not cast his net randomly, neither do the police (1984).It is important to recognize that these minorities experience these negative ideologies against them throughout all aspects of their lives, which usually causes them to belong to a lower economic status group. This puts them at a greater disadvantage in the court process, to those minorities who are most commonly one-shot players that receive legal aid workers, who have little time for investigative preparation. Their succes s in court reflects this as these lawyers receive a dismissal of charges in 8% of cases compared to 39% of cases in privately retained counsels (Brannigan, 1984).It is most commonly those belonging to minority groups who receive legal aid workers because they also belong to the lower economic status of society. Considering legal aid workers do not have many successful cases, and most of their clients belong to minority groups, it is reasonable to say that this is another cause to their overrepresentation in the system. Therefore, police discretion comes into conflict with the overrepresentation of certain groups due to how policing behaviour and practices are regulated by the priorities they serve to the community.The police are the most visible aspects of the criminal justice system, therefore they must be perceived as the most effective, which they achieve by being tough on crime (MacAlister, 2004). As a consequence, due to perpetuated ideologies against certain groups that are em bedded in police subculture define their behaviour and practices cause certain groups become overrepresented in the system. This portrays how police behaviour, practices and priorities contradict the official version of law in the aspect that it is supposed to be impartial and blind to difference.